Market Insights: Polyalphaolefins (POAs) - 2024 includes discussion regarding key market trends, as well as demand analysis by end use and pricing forecast by region. Key end-uses discussed in this report includes:  Automotive: Engine oil, drivetrain fluids and gearbox oil  Industrial applications: compressor oils, hydraulic fluid and greases  Others: Wind turbine, aviation, food processing sectors Regions include North America, South America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa, China and Other Asia Pacific. Analysis also includes the competitive landscape, capacity listing, value chain development, and pricing and margin analysis by region.

​​Red, purple, and pink hydrogen provide key tangible, feasible, and viable pathways towards definitive global and regional decarbonization of supply/value chains with zero greenhouse gas emissions. Also, as part of an optimal energy mix, this includes, but is not limited to, being an effective energy carrier for fuels, feedstocks, and production of downstream chemicals. In addition, red, purple, and pink hydrogen can provide enhanced reliability, resilience, and availability of baseload and peaking supply of electricity and hydrogen for wholesale and retail end-customers. Commercially advanced technologies via small modular reactors and proven processes via electrolysis and thermolysis are paving the way forward.​

The technoeconomics and carbon intensities related to biomass energy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) and biomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS) for different types of biomass is presented in this report. To achieve commitments by circa 2050, industries of different economic sectors require renewable energy and renewable feedstocks, as well as heat and power. Utilizing biomass, BECCS or BiCRS reduces the carbon emissions to net neutral or even net negative emissions. However, there are uncertainties of the impacts of using vast amounts of biomass for decarbonization. The amount of mitigated carbon captured (removed and/or sequestered) when using biomass is subjected due to various factors, such as indirect and direct land use change (ILUC/LUC), fertilizer usage, the resulting soil conditions. In addition, the impact varies for different types of biomass, crops or agricultural or plantation wastes. Taking these factors into account, the report assesses case studies and correlates the cost of production with the carbon intensities, with estimates of alternative biomass prices for both BECCS and BiCRS.

This report provides an overview of the challenges associated with the use of renewable feedstocks for producing biofuels, chemicals, and heat or power. These challenges are often related to the inherent properties of the feedstock, requiring pre-treatment before it can be used directly in existing processes. The necessary pre-treatment processes for converting the renewable feedstocks are discussed. The report also summarizes the technology readiness levels (TRL) of the renewable feedstocks and the corresponding cost of pre-treatment.