Advances in battery energy storage systems (BESS) are growing in importance with continual technological improvements and declining costs of leading battery chemistries such as lithium-ion, vanadium redox, sodium-sulfur, and others. This includes improvements with new chemistries boosting performance. BESS units play an essential role via increased integration with power supply sources with zero-greenhouse gas and zero-carbon emissions such as intermittent renewable power sources (e.g., solar PV and wind) and advances in dispatchable baseload commercial nuclear power (e.g., small modular reactors). This report discusses the viable pathways for BESS units, evaluates the status of commercially advanced battery technologies and applications, and reviews the methodologies for determining the costs and techno-economics of BESS technologies, systems, and projects. The report also provides detailed case studies along with an overview of technology types, their rated output, project status, siting and location, ownership, supply/value chain partners, cost, performance, benefits, and any other relevant data and information.

​​Red, purple, and pink hydrogen provide key tangible, feasible, and viable pathways towards definitive global and regional decarbonization of supply/value chains with zero greenhouse gas emissions. Also, as part of an optimal energy mix, this includes, but is not limited to, being an effective energy carrier for fuels, feedstocks, and production of downstream chemicals. In addition, red, purple, and pink hydrogen can provide enhanced reliability, resilience, and availability of baseload and peaking supply of electricity and hydrogen for wholesale and retail end-customers. Commercially advanced technologies via small modular reactors and proven processes via electrolysis and thermolysis are paving the way forward.​

The technoeconomics and carbon intensities related to biomass energy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) and biomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS) for different types of biomass is presented in this report. To achieve commitments by circa 2050, industries of different economic sectors require renewable energy and renewable feedstocks, as well as heat and power. Utilizing biomass, BECCS or BiCRS reduces the carbon emissions to net neutral or even net negative emissions. However, there are uncertainties of the impacts of using vast amounts of biomass for decarbonization. The amount of mitigated carbon captured (removed and/or sequestered) when using biomass is subjected due to various factors, such as indirect and direct land use change (ILUC/LUC), fertilizer usage, the resulting soil conditions. In addition, the impact varies for different types of biomass, crops or agricultural or plantation wastes. Taking these factors into account, the report assesses case studies and correlates the cost of production with the carbon intensities, with estimates of alternative biomass prices for both BECCS and BiCRS.

The 2024 Ammonia TECH report explores the transformative potential of ammonia and how it is poised to revolutionize fertilizer, marine fuel, power generation, and hydrogen transport. The report includes discussion of the latest advancements in ammonia production technologies, from traditional methods to groundbreaking green and blue alternatives, and provides an in-depth look at the traditional Haber-Bosch process and emerging methods like electrolysis. Analysis of cost of production drivers and economic viability of various ammonia production routes, and examination of the carbon footprints associated with different ammonia production technologies is included. Insights into the latest innovations and future trends in ammonia production and applications are also discussed.