This BI report provides an overview of the biology, production routes, economics and applications of algae in the conventional energy industry.

This report covers the techno-economics of the industrial graphite electrode sector, a key enabling technology for the steel and aluminum industries as well as for a large variety of high temperature processes. Industrial graphite electrodes are vital for the decarbonization of the steel industry and critical for aluminum smelting, but are facing short-term pressures from the rapid retreat from coal in Chinese steel and competition for synthetic graphite from the battery sector. Technology and economics for major production processes for functional graphite electrodes are covered and used to support a strategic overview of the sector.

This report assesses low-carbon marine fuel technologies in terms of their technical, economic, and carbon intensity aspects, aligning with the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s goals of reducing GHG emissions in the global maritime industry by at least 50 percent from 2008 levels by 2050 and achieving zero-emissions by 2100.  Key technologies covered at the cost of production level include Renewable Diesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), MSW-based bio-methanol, e-methanol, green ammonia and green hydrogen.   This report also presents a comparative analysis of the overall carbon intensity, considering scope 1, scope 2, upstream scope 3 and downstream scope 3 (fuel combustion) emissions across these fuel pathways.

The process technologies and production economics for polypropylene (PP) are presented. Gas phase and bulk processes from all major technology holders are reviewed. Cost of production economics have been developed for USGC, China, and Middle East locations. Carbon intensity analysis (scope 1 and 2) included for average gas phase, bulk, and slurry processes on a USGC and China basis. Global demand by end-use and global capacity by producer are provided.